Notes about character-level markup in USFM:
- Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Text
- Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Examples
- Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Free
- Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Anchor Chart
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Elements in this section mark portions of text within a larger paragraph unit. This type of element is often referred to generically as a character style, where the larger containing text units are often referred to as paragraph styles. In the case of a text markup scheme like USFM, the term 'style' is somewhat misleading, in that the essential goal of USFM it to mark common scriptural element types, and not formatting information. Bearing that in mind, USFM has also inherited and attempted to unify a long history of SFM type scripture markup 'standards', some of which were more or less strict in their tolerance for format-oriented markers. We have not wished to create an unworkable migration task for legacy SFM encoded texts.
Translation editing software which implement support for USFM encoded text may provide a formatted view of the text using a set of style definitions for each USFM marker. These 'stylesheets' most often refer to the formatting definitions as paragraph and character styles.
Note
About nesting character level markup in USFM (>2.4): USFM 2.4 adds a new syntax for indicating that a nesting of one character level marker within another is taking place within a text. See Character Marker Nesting for details.
Special Text¶
add …add*¶
Syntax: | add_text...add* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Translator's addition. A translator's explanation; words added by the translator for clarity – text which is not literally a part of the original language, but which was supplied to make the meaning of the original clear. |
Text and Formatting Sample - Genesis 5.29 (Russian Synodal, Protestant Version)
bk …bk*¶
Syntax: | bk_text...bk* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Quoted book title. |
Text and Formatting Sample - Introduction to Mark (GNT)
dc …dc*¶
Syntax: | dc_text...dc* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Deuterocanonical/LXX additions or insertions in the Protocanonical text. General purpose use of dc...dc* or nested+dc...+dc* is encouraged wherever DC-only content is being marked. Use of context-specific DC-only markup (i.e. fdc …fdc*, xdc …xdc*) is discouraged. |
Text and Formatting Samples - Hebrews 1.3 (Spanish DHE - footnote)
Psalm 115.3-4 (GNT - cross references)
1 Corinthians 15.51-52 (GNT - cross reference)
k …k*¶
Syntax: | k_text...k* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Keyword / keyterm |
lit¶
Syntax: | lit_text... |
---|---|
Type: | paragraph |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Liturgical note/comment. (e.g. a guide which tells the reader/worshipper that he should recite a prayer or recitation etc.) A paragraph style. |
Text and Formatting Sample - Psalm 3 (Russian Synodal, Orthodox Version)
Слава: = 'Glory'.
nd …nd*¶
Syntax: | nd_text...nd* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Name of God (name of Deity). |
Text and Formatting Sample - Exodus 3.15 (GNT)
ord …ord*¶
Syntax: | ord_text...ord* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Ordinal number ending (i.e. in '1st' — 1ord stord*). |
pn …pn*¶
Syntax: | pn_text...pn* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Proper name. |
png …png*¶
Syntax: | png_text...png* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 3.0 |
Use: | Geographic proper name. Particularly in China, there are various groups which have the practice of distinguishing visually between proper names of people and proper names of geographic places in published texts. Published materials may use a single underline to present proper names of people, and double underline to present proper names of geographic places. Alternatively, dotted underlines have been used for geographic proper names. Special presentation for names can assist readers to know what the text means, especially readers who may struggle with reading skills and may be overloaded by the transliterated names. |
addpn …addpn*¶
Syntax: | addpn_text...addpn* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 2.0 |
Deprecated: | 3.0 |
Use: | Support for overlapping pn …pn* and add …add* occurrences in Chinese texts. Deprecated (use is discouraged). Recommended alternate:Nestedpn …pn* within add …add*. |
qt …qt*¶
Syntax: | qt_text...qt* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Quoted text. Old Testament quotations in the New Testament, or other quotations. |
Text and Formatting Samples
Poetic format, where all text is a quotation.
Poetic format, where text is mixed (only some is a quotation).
Mark 1.2-3 (GNT)
sig …sig*¶
Syntax: | sig_text...sig* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Signature of the author (of a letter or epistle). |
Text and Formatting Sample - Colossians 4.18 (GNT)
sls …sls*¶
Syntax: | sls_text...sls* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Passage of text based on a secondary language or alternate text source. E.g. The French NBS02 has large sections of text in EZR and DAN in italics, to represent where the original text is in Aramaic, not Hebrew. |
Text and Formatting Sample - Ezra 4.8—6.18 (NBS - French, Nouvelle Bible Segond)
Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Text
tl …tl*¶
Syntax: | tl_text...tl* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Transliterated (or foreign) word(s). |
Text and Formatting Sample - Matthew 27.46 (GNT)
wj …wj*¶
Syntax: | wj_text...wj* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 2.0 |
Use: | Words of Jesus. |
Character Styling¶
Warning
Note: The use of formatting oriented character markup is strongly discouraged. Please search for the appropriate USFM element to markup content, wherever possible.
em …em*¶
Syntax: | em_text...em* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 2.0 |
Use: | Emphasis text. |
bd …bd*¶
Syntax: | bd_text...bd* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Bold text. |
it …it*¶
Syntax: | it_text...it* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Italic text. |
bdit …bdit*¶
Syntax: | bdit_text...bdit* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Bold-italic text. |
no …no*¶
Syntax: | no_text...no* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Normal text. May be used when a larger paragraph element is set in an alternate font style (e.g. italic), and a selected section of text should be displayed in normal text. |
sc …sc*¶
Syntax: | sc_text...sc* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Small-cap text. |
sup …sup*¶
Syntax: | sup_text...sup* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 3.0 |
Use: | Superscript text. Typically for use in critical edition footnotes. |
Spacing and Breaks¶
~¶
Syntax: | ~ |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | No-break space. c.f. Unicode character U+00AO (NO-BREAK SPACE) |
//¶
Syntax: | // |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Discretionary (optional) line break. Primarily used in poetic text, but could also be used for marking optional breaks for titles, headings, or table cell content breaks. |
Text and Formatting Sample - Matthew 9.1 (GNT)
pb¶
Syntax: | pb |
---|---|
Type: | paragraph |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Explicit page break. |
Special Features¶
fig …fig*¶
Syntax: | fig_captiontext...|src='filename'size='size'ref='reference'fig* |
---|---|
Type: | paragraph |
Added: | 1.0 |
Updated: | 3.0 (attributes) |
Use: | For defining illustrations to be used within a publication. |
Caution
Significant syntax change from USFM 1.x / 2.x
The syntax for defining illustrations in USFM 3.0 follows the general syntax for providing word level attributes. In USFM 1.x and 2.x, markup for illustrations required a the content for a collection of parameters to be provided in a specific order, with items separated by a vertical bar (e.g fig_DESC|FILE|SIZE|LOC|COPY|CAP|REFfig*
). The use of marker attributes, and the use of a vertical bar as an attribute separator was unique to illustration markup in USFM 1.x and 2.x. In USFM 3.0 this syntax is deprecated in order to align the markup with the general syntax for word level attributes.
Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Examples
Attributes
Following the syntax for word level attributes. Required attributes are indicated in the list below with a red asterisk *.
- Multiple attributes are required. There is no single, un-named default.
- Compatibility with USFM 1.x and 2.x: If a USFM parser encounters a list of un-named attributes using a vertical bar separator within
fig...fig*
these should be interpreted according to the strict USFM 2.x order.
alt: | Short, free-form description of image |
---|---|
src: | * Filename |
size: | * Illustration relative size. Options are col (illustration should be inserted inline within the current text column) or span (illustration should be inserted across - 'spanning' - text columns) |
loc: | Location / range. Specify a range of references at which the illustration might be inserted. |
copy: | Rights holder / copyright information. This material will be used to provide appropriate illustration attribution in publications. |
ref: | * Scripture reference (e.g. Luke 19.5). This text may be (optionally) published together with the illustration caption. |
Text and Formatting Samples - Spanning Columns - Mark 1.18 (GNT)
Current Column - Mark 1.31 (GNT)
ndx …ndx*¶
Syntax: | ndx_text...ndx* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Subject index entry. Surround word(s) with this markup to indicate that it appears (or should appear) in the subject index. |
rb …rb*¶
Syntax: | rb_basetext|gloss1:gloss2rb* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 3.0 |
Use: | Ruby glossing. Used to mark the base text being annotated with ruby characters. |
Note
About RubySee:https://www.w3.org/TR/ruby/
Han characters: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean texts have some characters that they share in common. In Japanese these are called Kanji (literally 'Han characters'). There are several thousand of these characters to learn. For new readers or readers new to the Biblical texts it may be very difficult for them to recognize what Chinese or Japanese word corresponds to the Han character(s) they are seeing.
Ruby glosses: In order to help these readers, some Bibles are printed with glosses using small phonetic characters (e.g. Japanese uses the hiragana alphabet) placed above the more symbolic Han characters to tell the reader how to pronounce the character. These phonetic characters are generically called 'ruby glosses' or 'rubies'. In Japanese this technique is called Furigana.
Attributes
Following the syntax for word level attributes.
gloss: | Ruby glosses (default) Use a colon : to separate multiple elements for glossing each of the characters within a base text phrase. |
---|
For example: If the base text being glossed is a phrase of two Han characters (B), then the ruby gloss text (gg) may contain two elements, one for glossing each of the base text characters making up the phrase.
This syntax allows the decision to present glosses by phrase or by group to be made at the publication stage, rather than pre-determined during translation.
Parts of a phrase gloss may be left empty. In the example phrase below the second and fourth base characters are unglossed:
Text and Formatting Samples
- One Han character with a single ruby gloss.
- Two Han characters with a single ruby phrase gloss
- Phrase gloss broken down into individual pieces by adding colons between ruby characters
- A character sequence which includes non-Han characters (hiragana), which are NOT glossed.
- An un-glossed character occurring between glossed characters in the 'phrase'.
Genesis 1.1-2 (Japanese Contemporary Bible - Biblica)
pro …pro*¶
Syntax: | pro_text...pro* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 2.0 |
Deprecated: | 3.0 |
Use: | Pronunciation annotation. Used for CJK text. Deprecated (use is discouraged). Recommended alternate:rb …rb*. |
w …w*¶
Syntax: | w_text...w* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Updated: | 3.0 (attributes) |
Use: | Wordlist / glossary / dictionary entry. Surround word(s) with this markup to indicate that it appears (or should appear) in the word list. |
Attributes
Following the syntax for word level attributes.
lemma: | Citation form for the term in the glossary (default) |
---|
The unidentified attribute in the second example (above) is acceptable because lemma
is defined as the default attribute for w...w*
.
strong: | Strong's ID in the form H#### (Hebrew) or G#### (Greek) |
---|
Not wgracious|G5485w*
(since strong is not default)
A strong's ID augmentation identifier, if required, should be separated from the strong value by a colon :
. An augmentation is a method of extending Strong's by aligning it to another lexicon (e.g. Brown-Driver-Briggs). This requires dividing some words into two or more separate words.
There are instances where more than one word may need to be included within w …w* because of how Hebrew and Greek use word repetition - e.g. for a superlative. Exodus 29:37 repeats the word ‘holy' as the superlative form.
srcloc: | Location of the word in the source text; Example: GNT version 5 text, book 51, chapter 1, verse 2, word 1. |
---|
wg …wg*¶
Syntax: | wg_text...wg* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Greek word list entry. |
Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Free
wh …wh*¶
Syntax: | wh_text...wh* |
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Type: | character |
Added: | 1.0 |
Use: | Hebrew word list entry. |
wa …wa*¶
Orion Markup 3 0 – Add Image Notes And Annotations Anchor Chart
Syntax: | wa_text...wa* |
---|---|
Type: | character |
Added: | 3.0 |
Use: | Aramaic word list entry. |